Residual stresses in adhesively bonded wood determined by a bilayer flexion reporter system

Abstract The application of adhesives in modern timber engineering often introduces moisture into the wood, leading to permanent residual stresses after hardening. This paper proposes a novel approach assess these by using wooden bilayers as reporter system. For thin bilayers, moisture-induced lead pronounced visible flexion that can be used identify stress-driving parameters adhesive’s gelation process. These depend solely on wood/adhesive combination and are inversely determined fitting finite element method model experimentally obtained state. In subsequent step, calculate adhesive bondline cross-laminated plates, emphasizing this approach’s scale independence general applicability larger structures. All combinations European beech Norway spruce with Melamine–Urea–Formaldehyde (MUF), Phenol–Resorcinol–Formaldehyde (PRF), Polyurethane (PUR) were investigated.